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This report examines the results of a study on the size and shape of bones in various mammals. The study itself was conducted by researchers from Baylor College of Medicine and published in 2008. This document examines the methods used to conduct such a study, as well as how this particular one benefited from recent advancements in technology and techniques. It also discusses the implications of these findings for medical science, including what we know about how biology is connected to health and disease. The purpose of the study was to compare the size and shape of commonly used bones in various mammals. The aim was to find out whether there were variations in the shapes and sizes of these bones that could be correlated with certain other characteristics such as behavior, diet, or habitat. The researchers used a technique called geometric morphometrics. This method allowed them to characterize and quantify the differences between sets of parts by using sophisticated measurement techniques and computer software. The first step was to choose which bones would be studied. The researchers decided to focus on three bones that are used in studies of mammals: the humerus (upper arm bone), the femur (thigh bone), and the ulna (one of two forearm bones). They chose these because they are all long bones, which made it easier to get reliable measurements. They also chose them because they were all located in locations where there would be little variation in the way they were used by different species, so differences between species wouldn't be confused with variations in age, sex, or other breeding characteristics. The researchers identified 45 species of mammal that had sufficient size comparisons for at least one of the three bones. For each bone, they chose five species that were very different in size. Then they measured the bones in each of the 45 species. They used plastic markers to attach small pins to the bones so they could be accurately measured. This allowed them to get detailed measurements of angles and distances on the bones. They also used high-resolution imaging devices to take pictures of the bones at regular intervals during measurement. The researcher's goal was to identify where there were significant differences in the shapes and sizes of these three bones between different groups of mammals. The results showed that there was no relationship between bone shape or size and diet, behavior, or habitat. These results contradict previous scientific findings that connected certain bone shapes with specific behaviors or habitats. The findings show that these bones do not retain information about the way they were used and suggest that examining bones to understand the behaviors of extinct mammals is not a reliable strategy. Further this suggests this method is unlikely to provide meaningful information about how humans developed and evolved. The specific findings were: The researchers acknowledge that there are limitations to these findings. They note that they studied only three bones and that they did not look at any other bones or tissues, such as teeth. They point out, though, that most previous studies depended on looking at four or five types of traits, just as they did with these three bones. This study was published in 2008 and has been cited by many others since then. cfa1e77820